At the intersection of the model minority myth and antiblackness: From Asian American triangulation to recommendations for solidarity.

Asian Americans are situated in a triangulated role in a black-white racial hierarchy designed to legitimize white supremacy (Kim, 1999). However, little is known about the lived experiences of Asian American triangulation and even less so in the context of anti-Asian racism. The present study was initially designed to examine anti-Asian racism at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, in a sociopolitical climate described as a "racial reckoning," our study evolved to capture the process of racial triangulation and the interplay of anti-Asian racism and antiblackness. Based on the online responses of 201 Asian Americans (from over 32 U.S. states), four themes emerged to showcase the ways in which Asian Americans suffered from and recapitulated racial oppression: (a) anti-Asian racism is overlooked in the black-white racial discourse, (b) anti-Asian racism is not taken seriously, (c) anti-Asian racism is also perpetrated by people of color (POC), and (d) anti-Asian racism is deprioritized in the presence of anti-Black racism. Regarding participant recommendations to combat anti-Asian racism, our second research question focused on areas of convergence with dismantling anti-Black racism. Two key themes emerged: (a) foster Asian American pan-ethnic solidarity and (b) build and strengthen cross-racial coalitions (POC solidarity and White allyship). Altogether, our study descriptively captured the process of racial triangulation to showcase the manifestation and recapitulation of anti-Asian racism and antiblackness. While Asian Americans suffered as victims and perpetrators of racial oppression, they also recognized the need to dismantle white supremacy with racial solidarity, coalition-building, and advocacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

"What support?": A qualitative study on social support for Asian American victims of racism during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian racism has surged, yet little is known about Asian Americans' experiences of social support. Therefore, we designed a qualitative, intrinsic, revelatory case study to examine the nature and quality of social support for Asian Americans during the first 6 months of the pandemic. Our sample consisted of 193 Asian Americans (from over 32 U.S. states) disclosing their experiences of inadequate social support. They described their support network as (1) Being unable to relate, (2) Encouraging their silence, (3) Minimizing anti-Asian racism, (4) Denying anti-Asian racism, and (5) Victim-blaming. Regarding our participants' recommendations for increasing social support for Asian Americans, a total of seven recommendations emerged: (1) Legitimize anti-Asian racism, (2) Teach Asian American history, (3) Destigmatize mental health resources to make them accessible for Asian American families (4) Promote bystander intervention trainings, (5) Build solidarity with and beyond Asian Americans to dismantle racism, (6) Increase media attention on anti-Asian racism, and (7) Elect political leaders who will advocate for Asian Americans. Altogether, our findings underscore the need for systemic forms of advocacy to combat anti-Asian racism, and shed light on the injurious nature of social support for Asian American victims of racism.

"Go back to China with your (expletive) virus": A revelatory case study of anti-Asian racism during COVID-19

Since coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged at the beginning of 2020, reports of anti-Asian racism have surged, yet little is known in the empirical literature about participants' lived experience of racism during this time. We designed a qualitative, intrinsic, revelatory case study to examine the different types of anti-Asian racism being perpetrated, and the contexts and perpetrators during the first 6 months of COVID-19. We analyzed the online and written responses of 193 self-identified Asian Americans from over 32 states and corroborated their experiences with news articles, journal articles, and reports of anti-Asian hate crimes published during the same period. Our analysis yielded 11 types of racist experiences: (a) No direct personal experience, only vicarious, (b) Stared at, glared at, shunned, (c) Singled out and treated poorly, (d) Indirectly referenced in third person, (e) Was the butt of a racist joke, (f) Blamed for the virus, (g) Stereotyped with racist characterization, (h) Told to go back to an Asian country, (i) Called a racial slur, (j) Hostile verbal assault, and (k) Physically threatened. Regarding the context and perpetrator of anti-Asian racism, our analysis yielded seven subthemes: (a) from friends and family, (b) at school and work, (c) in daily tasks, (d) while commuting, (e) in the socialization of children, (f) in online spaces, and (g) from police and security officers. Our findings showcase the wide range of anti-Asian racism and underscore the need to integrate scientific research with advocacy efforts to enhance awareness of anti-Asian racism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement We designed a qualitative study to examine anti-Asian racism during the first 6 months of COVID-19 in the U.S. We wanted to know what types of racism were being perpetrated, by whom, and in what settings. Our findings revealed a wider range of anti-Asian racism than what has been captured in the scientific literature and advocacy efforts to document Asian American experiences of racism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)